The Mississippi Bubble
The Granddaddy of Modern Financial Disasters
In 1716 France was broke. A series of wars waged by Louis XIV
had left the economy in ruins, the king in debt, and the government
coffers empty. France did not even have enough gold to
produce new coins.
Into this breech stepped John Law, a brilliant Scottish economist, and
a man on the run from British justice. He knew that France
could never recover if it continued to base it’s money on precious
metals that the government actually owned. So, he set up a
bank and obtained the right to issue “paper money”—pieces of paper that
stood for value, but had no intrinsic worth of its own.
Next, he bought a nearly defunct entity called the Mississippi Company,
spun stories of gold and gems for the taking in France’s Louisiana
territories, and issued shares of stock. To sweeten the deal,
he offered nearly unlimited credit and would guarantee the share’s
value. People flocked from all over France to buy Mississippi
Company stock. By 1719, 500 livre shares were selling for
5000 livres. Overnight, poor people were becoming rich, and
the rich were becoming even wealthier.
At some point the bubble had to burst; and, in 1720, it did.
The value of Mississippi Company shares began decreasing; and people
started asking, if my paper stock shares were losing value, what was
happening to my paper money? This began a run of people
demanding gold for paper, which the banks could not provide.
When the Mississippi bubble burst, tens of thousands were left
impoverished. John Law was forced to flee the country, to die
three years later—penniless.
Emerson Hough has beautifully captured the triumph and tragedy of that
era in his best selling novel: The Mississippi Bubble. It’s a
must read for anyone interested in how greed can overcome common sense
in even the most rational of people.